hreflang alternates
hreflang annotations connect language or regional variants of substantially equivalent content.
How it works
Each variant names itself and its alternates using valid language-region codes, often with an optional x-default fallback.
How to validate it
Verify reciprocal annotations, canonical consistency, return status, and exact URL normalization across every member of the alternate set.
Common failure
Pointing every localized page at one canonical language can undermine the alternate cluster the hreflang annotations were meant to describe.
Machine-readable editions
The same article is available as Markdown and JSON. These alternates are linked here but are not submitted through the sitemap or IndexNow.